Purpose: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a motor and neurological disorder that is associated with a sense of urgency to move the legs. It is necessary to use
non-pharmacological treatments to reduce the symptoms of this syndrome.

Methods: The present study is a two-group clinical trial, in which transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) intervention was performed on 20
patients (10 patients in each group) for 3 sessions in 3 consecutive days. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of TENS on RLS in patients with
this complaint referring to a private medical center.

Results: The mean age of participants was 46.56 ± 9.16 years. There was a significant difference in RLS levels before and after the final intervention in
each group. There was no significant difference of RLS rate between the two groups after final intervention.

Conclusion: If future studies with a larger sample size confirm the results of the present study, patients can use a portable TENS according to the advice of
a physician at home to reduce nocturnal symptoms associated with RLS syndrome.

Introduction: Foramen magnum meningiomas corresponds about 3 to 3.2% of all meningiomas. And 60 to 77% of all benign extramedullary tumors of the craniocervical junction. Due to its depth, these lesions and the delicate anatomical relationships, their resection demands detailed mastery and control of the complex anatomy of the region.Different approaches for resection of these lesions have been reported:suboccipital,transcondylar, transoral and retrosigmoid craniotomy.

Far lateral transcondylar approach have proved to be a safe, wide, sterile surgical access for the exposition of the ventral space to the central nervous system that allows good manipulation in a parallel plane. There are specific considerations according to the position and encasement of the vertebral artery, and the extension of the bone resection.

With the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, more applications have been used in clinical settings for the planning and performance of surgical procedures, and neurosurgery is not the exception. 3D printed models are created through layer-by-layer deposition by high-precision 3D printers using reconstructed patient CT-scan images.

Materials and methods: The clinical case of a patient with a diagnosis of foramen magnum meningioma, pre-surgical planning with a 3D model, surgical resolution, and literature review are presented.

Results: Pre-surgical planning is performed on a 3D model, the patient undergoes surgical resolution without complications and she is discharged from the service due to improvement.

Conclusion: The use of current tools allows adequate and precise planning of neurosurgery procedures, as well as extensive explanation and taking individual anatomical considerations to reduce the risk of complications during surgery. 3D models represent a valuable surgical educational tool that improves the understanding of complex lesions of the skull base, for the neurosurgical residents

The brain is a multilayered and multicompartment system structured for accomplishing robust behaviours which leads to cognitive and physiological functioning of the human system [1]. The total volume of the human brain is 1450cm3 on an average. It comprises of innumerable neurons and glial cells which make up the building blocks of the brain [2]. Scientists have been trying to understand the brain and unfold it’s mysteries for many decades. Inspite of taking avid interest in this field the information gathered does not provide a complete comprehensive perception of the brain [3, 4]. The effort to comprehend the brain has evolved over the years [5]. Machine learning techniques are being widely used to make relevant outcomes for neuro imaging. The advent of imaging technologies has helped to facilitate our understanding of the brain and its complexities [6-8]. Brain imaging technologies provide an unprecedented tool to analyse the changes in the central nervous system (CNS). These technologies have bought with them higher resolution and deeper penetration into the brain thus exposing newer functionalities of it. Exploring the brain to absorb its secrets and unravel its enigma is one of the most promising and rewarding applications of biomedical brain imaging technologies. Brain imaging technologies provide non invasive techniques of viewing the brain and its activities [9]. Doctors and researchers can monitor the brain without having to intrude into it via painful and risk staking neurosurgeries. This is one of the biggest advantages of the emerging and ever evolving brain imaging technologies. Today, a number of these techniques are being put to practical application to save innumerable patients around the globe. The current brain imaging technologies include Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Computed tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography (MEG), Near infrared spectroscopy, Two Photon Microscopy and Photoacoustic tomography (PAT). Of these fMRI and PAT are the recent imaging tools of particular interest.

Neuroscience is not a stand-alone discipline. The brain interacts with outside environment at different depths of nature. Neuroscience is embedded in cognitive science, which in turn is embedded in cosmology and astrophysics. Science of various information-states is the key to go about their operation. Five different areas have been specified with innovative ideas and review of presently available knowledge in the literature namely, cognition, behavior, dark energy, consciousness and layers between signal and consciousness. On the basis of these ideas several research questions and research statements have been made. What is in demand is innovative technology in addition to existing neuroimaging techniques and computational neuroscience; for example, new clinical skill for cognitive analysis, brain inter-netting, a kind of mechanization mimicking ‘psyche’ that runs by not force, energy or field, but by means of ‘will’ and intention, a technology that could harness dark energy as visible energy and another new technology that could help healing. All said and done, this is the time to change the way we look into the brain and penetrate into the depth of neuroscience to analyze the brain, cognition and behavior in the context of the multiversal whole.